rumus bahasa inggris

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SIMPLE PRESENT

Simple present tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu peristiwa, kejadian, kegiatan yang terjadi

berulang-ulang atau merupakan suatu kebiasan habit.

I leave for office at 7 every morning.
My brother works five days a week
I get up at 6 a.m. every day.

Simple present digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu fakta (fact ) atau suatu yang merupakan

kebenaran umum (general truth).

The sun shines in the east and sets up in the west.
The River Nile flow into Mediteranian.
Cows give milk and sheep give wool.

Simple present digunakan untuk menunjukan sesuatu yang akan terjadi pada waktu yang akan

datang jika kita membicarakan suatu jadwal, program dan lain-lain.

The second film begin at 9 p.m.
The first train leaves at 10 a.m.
Tomorrow is Friday.

Pada umumnya, kata kerja ditambah dengan akhiran “s” jika subjeknya orang ketiga tunggal (the

third person singular – he/she/it )

I work six days a week

We play tennis every Saturday

morning.

John plays tennis every Saturday

morning.

Yull works six days a week

Akhiran “es” digunakan pada kata kerja yang akhirnya “ s, ch, sh, o”, jika subjeknya orang ketiga
tunggal. Kata kerja yang huruf akhirnya ”y” dan didahului huruf mati, y ditukar dengan ”i”,
kemudian ditambah ”es”.

I pass your house every day.
You watchT V.
I study English twice a week

He passes your house every day
She watchesTV
He studies English twice a week

PatternKalimat

Affirmative (+)

Negative (-)

Interrogative (?)

Keterangan

I am a teacher

S + To be (am, is,

are)

S + To be + not

To be + S

Kalimat Nominal

He plays foot ball

S + Verb I + s/es

S + Do not/Does

not Verb I

Do/Does + S +

Verb I

Kalimat Verbal

You can go to school

S + Aux

(can,may,must, dll.)S + Aux + Not

Aux + S

Kata Bantu

Tanda Waktu :

always, as a rule, generally, normally, usually, often, every day, every week, every month, every

year, every evening, every Monday, in the morning, in march.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau

peristiwa yang sedang atau berlangsung saat kita sedang bicara.

Jack is painting the house.
Mother is serving our dinner.
They are working in the garden.

Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang bersifat

sementara.

Breda is always busy because she is working on her thesis.
Jack is staying in my friend’s flat at the moment.
His elder brother is working in a bank.

Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu keadaa atau situasi yang berubah-

ubah.

The cost of living in our country is increasing.

The population of the world is rising very fast.

Present continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan sesuatu yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang

akan datang dan telah direncanakan/ditentukan sebelumnya.

I am spending my vacation in Bali next week.

We are working in this building next week.

Beberapa kata kerja tidak digunakan dalam present tense.Kata kerja yang tidak diguanakan dalam

present countinuous :

Belong
Know
Remember
Believe
Love
See
Hear
Need

Seem
Hate
Prefer
Understand
Forget
Realize

Want

Contoh :

Salah

Benar
She isknowing them all.
I amunderstanding what you say.

Sheknows them all.

Iunderstand what you say.

Pattern

Kalimat

Affirmative (+)

Negative (-)

Interrogative (?)

Keterangan

I am writing the letter nowS + To be + V (ing)S + To be + not + V (ing)To be + S + V (ing)Kalimat Verbal

Tanda Waktu :

Now, right now, to day, soon, at present, this morning, this afternoon, tonight, tomorrow, in a few

days

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa

yang terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang.

They occupied the house for ten years.
John has studied English for two years.
My elder brother has worked here for three years

Present perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang terjadi pada

waktu lampau dan masih ada hubungannya denganwaktu sekarang atau akibatnya dapat

dilihat/dirasakan sekarang.

He has just bought a new motorcycle.
Linda has passed from senior high school
Jack has just left for office

Present perfect tense juga digunakan dengan “this morning, this afternoon, today, this month, this

year“ untuk menunjukan bahwa sesuatu kejadian atau perbuatan telah dilakukan berulang-ulang kali

I have tried to contact her three times this morning
The man has visited this city twice this month.
He have smoked six cigarette today.

Pattern

Kalimat

Affirmative (+)

Negative (-)

Interrogative (?)

Keterangan

Wulan has brought

my book

S + have/has + Verb

bentuk III

S + have/has + not + Verb

III

Have/has + S + Verb IIIKalimat Verbal

I have been here since

morning

S + have/has + been

S + have/has + not + beenHave/has + S +been

Kalimat Verbal

Tanda Waktu :

Once, twice, just, already, so far, never, ever, many time, this week, for an hour, several times, at

last, since

PRESENT PERFECT CONTONUOUS TENSE

Present perfect continuos tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau

peristiwa yang terjadi pada waktu lampau, masih berlangsung sampai sekarang

dan masih akan berlangsung padawaktu yang akan datang.

I’ve been living here for three years.

Jenny has been studying English for ten months.

Present perfect continuos tense juga digunakan untuk menanyakan atau menyatakan sudah berapa

lama berlangsungnya suatu kejadian atau peristiwa.

How long has he been studying IT?

Have you been waiting for me long?

Present perfect continuos tense juga digunakan dengan ”how long, since atau for” untuk

menunjukan suatau kegiatan atau peristiwa berulang-ulang.

Jack has been playing football since he was ten years old.

My father has been smoking for twenty years.

Pattern

Kalimat

Affirmative (+)

Negative (-)

Interrogative (?)

Keterangan

I have been
learning English
for a year

S + have/has + been + Verb

I + (ing)

S + have/has + not + been

+ Verb I + (ing)

Have/has + S + been + Verb I +

(ing

Kalimat Verbal

Tanda Waktu :

For, since, long, for over two years, the whole day, since , all morning, the whole night

Verb Tense Exercise 1

Simple Present / Present Continuous

1. Every Monday, Sally (drive)________ her kids to football practice.

2. Usually, I (work)_________ as a secretary at ABT, but this summer I (study)________ French at

a language school in Paris. That is why I am in Paris.
3. Shhhhh! Be quiet! John (sleep)__________ .
4. Don't forget to take your umbrella. It (rain)__________ .
5. I hate living in Seattle because it (rain, always)________ .
6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say)________ because everybody (talk)___________ so loudly.
7. Justin (write, currently)__________ a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can find a

good publisher when he is finished.

8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?

Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go)_______ to a movie tonight with some friends.

9. The business cards (be, normally )___________ printed by a company in New York. Their prices

(be)_________ inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good.

10. This delicious chocolate (be)_________ made by a small chocolatier in Zurich, Switzerland.

Verb Tense Exercise 2

Simple Present / Present Continuous

A Trekking Journal

November 12, 1997

Today (be)______ the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I am exhausted and my
legs (shake)________; I just hope I am able to complete the trek. My feet (kill, really)________ me
and my toes (bleed)_______ , but I (want, still)_______ to continue.

Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything (be)_______ so different,
and I (try)______ to adapt to the new way of life here. I (learn)______ a little bit of the language
to make communication easier; unfortunately, I (learn, not)________ foreign languages quickly.
Although I (understand, not)________ much yet, I believe that I (improve, gradually)

___________.

I (travel, currently)_________ with Liam, a student from Leeds University in England. He (be)

_________ a nice guy, but impatient. He (walk, always) _________ ahead of me and (complain)

__________ that I am too slow. I (do) ________ my best to keep up with him, but he is younger and

stronger than I am. Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old.

Right now, Liam (sit)________ with the owner of the inn. They (discuss)________ the differences
between life in England and life in Nepal. I (know, not)________ the real name of the owner, but
everybody (call, just)________ him Tam. Tam (speak)________ English very well and he (try)

________ to teach Liam some words in Nepali. Every time Tam (say) ________a new word, Liam(try)________ to repeat it. Unfortunately, Liam (seem, also)________ to have difficulty learningforeign languages. I just hope we don't get lost and have to ask for directions.

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Simple past tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu peristiwa, kejadian, atau

kedaan yang terjadi pada waktu lampau

I met my music teacher yesterday.
My mother bought a new carpet last Sunday.
Rendy closed the window five minutes ago.
The students presented their project work this morning.

Kata kerja beraturan (regular verb) dibentuk dengan menambahkan akhiran “d/ed” pada kata kerja

pertama (infinitive). Jika kata kerja berkakhiran huruf ”d” atau ”y” akhiran ”ed” diucapkan ”id”.

I wanted to see the Personal Manager yesterday.

He decided to return to Bali.

Kata kerja yang tidak beraturan (irregular verb) tidak dibentuk dengan menmabahkan akhiran

“d/ed” pad akata kerja. Kata kerja tidak beraturan mempunyai bentuk tersendiri.

I bought this map last week

She went to Indonesia six weeks ago

Pattern

Kalimat

Affirmative (+)

Negative (-)

Interrogative (?)

Keterangan

I bought a book

two days ago

S + Verb bentuk II

S + did + not + Verb I

Did + S + Verb I

Kalimat Verbal

Amy could come
to my office
yesterday

S + Aux

(could, might, must)

S + Aux (could, might, must)

+ not

Aux (could, might, must) + S

Kata bantu

I was a student

last year

S + To be (was/were)S + To be (was/were) + not

To be (was/were) + S

Kalimat Nominal

Tanda Waktu :

Yesterday, last Monday, an hour ago, the day before yesterday, last year, last night, in 1945, the

other day

PAST CONTINUOUS

Past continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa

yang sedang terjadi pada suatu saat tertentu di waktu lampau

We were watching TV at 09.00 o’clock last night

I was doing my homework at 2 p.m yesterday

Past continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang

terjadi pada waktu lampau, kemudian kejadian lain menyusul

When my father came home last night, my little sister was watching TV

Jack were waiting for a bus whe I met him yesterday afternoon

Past continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang sedang

berlangsung pada saat yang sama di waktu lampau

While father was reading an book, the children were watching TV

We were discussing the lesson while professor was speaking to his guest.

Patern

Kalimat

Affirmative (+)

Negative (-)

Interrogative (?)

Keterangan

He was reading a book

when father watched TV

S + To be (was/were) + Verb

bentuk I + (ing)

S + To be (was/were) +

not + Verb I + (ing)

To be (was/were) + S

+ Verb I + (ing)

Kalimat Verbal

Tanda Waktu :

When, while, the whole day last Sunday, all morning yesterday

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Past perfect tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa

yang telah terjadi pada masa lampu, kemudian kejadian itu lainnya menyusul

I had got a permanent job when I decided to marry Jane

After John had got a job, his father passed away
Past perfect tense digunakan dalam indirect speech jika reporting verb dalam simple past
Direct : Robert said, “ I have read the novel twice’”.

Indirect : Robert said that he had read the novel twice

Past perfect tense digunakan dalam bentuk kalimat tanya bisa digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu

past unreak dalamconditionl typeIII

If I had known you that you were threre, we would have come to yuor house

If I had found the right buyer, I would have sold the car

Pattern

Kalimat

Affirmative (+)

Negative (-)

Interrogative (?)

Keterangan

I had been at school when

you went to Jakarta

S + had + been

S + had + not + been

Had + S +been

Kalimat

Nominal

She had slept when I came

last night

S + had + Verb bentuk

III

S + had + not + Verb IIIHad + S + Verb III

Kalimat

Verbal

Tanda Waktu :

Before, after, until, as soon as

Verb Tense Exercise 1

Simple Past / Past Perfect

I can't believe I (get)_______ that apartment. I (submit)_______ my application last week, but I

didn't think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I (show)_______ up to take a look around,

there were at least twenty other people who (arrive)_______ before me. Most of them (fill, already)

_______ out their applications and were already leaving. The landlord said I could still apply, so I

did.

I (try)_______ to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the questions. They (want)

_______ me to include references, but I didn't want to list my previous landlord because I (have)

_______ some problems with him in the past and I knew he wouldn't recommend me. I (end)

_______ up listing my father as a reference.

It was total luck that he (decide)_______ to give me the apartment. It turns out that the landlord

and my father (go)_______ to high school together. He decided that I could have the apartment

before he (look)_______ at my credit report. I really lucked out!

Verb Tense Exercise 2

Past Perfect / Past Perfect Continuous

I'm sorry I left without you last night, but I told you to meet me early because the show started at
8:00. I (try)________ to get tickets for that play for months, and I didn't want to miss it. By the
time I finally left the coffee shop where we were supposed to meet, I (have)________ five cups of
coffee and I (wait)________ over an hour. I had to leave because I (arrange)________ to meet
Kathy in front of the theater.

When I arrived at the theater, Kathy (pick, already)________ up the tickets and she was waiting forus near the entrance. She was really angry because she (wait)________ for more than half an hour.She said she (give, almost)________ up and (go)________ into the theater without us.

Kathy told me you (be)________ late several times in the past and that she would not make planswith you again in the future. She mentioned that she (miss)________ several movies because ofyour late arrivals. I think you owe her an apology. And in the future, I suggest you be on time!

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE SHALL/WILL

Simple Future tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang akan terjadi

atau dilakukan pada waktu yang akan dating. Untuk menunjukan suatu rencana, “will” digunakan

untuk semua kata ganti

Shall dan will digunakan untuk orang pertama tunggal dan orang pertama jamak, Dalam British

English, shall lebih sering digunakan untuk I dan We. Namun will untuk semua kata ganti.

I shall/will probably see them next week

We shal//will probably see them next week
Namun dalam bahasa lisan biasanya digunakan bentuk singkatan yatou I’ll dan We’ll
I’ll probably see them next week

We ‘ll probably see them next week
Will digunakan ketika kita memutuskan akan berbuat sesuatu ketika kit sedang bicara
A: What do you want to drink?

B: I’ll have some coffee, please
Will digunakan untuk menawarkan atau untuk berbuat sesuatu
A : This suitcase is very heavy

B : I will help you to bring it

Will juga sering digunakan dengan kata-kata expect, probably, sure dan think

I expect taht she willcome back tonight
I will probably come late tomorrow morning
I am sure they will enjoy staying with us for a few days.
I think she will win the game

Will digunakan untuk menujukan suatu ramalan

It will rain hard tonight

Who will win the game ?
Will you digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu permintaan atau undangan
Will you hold the door open,please?

Will you lend me the novel,please ?

Shall I…..atau Shall we…….(dalam bentuk pertanyaan) digunakan untuk menyarankan atau

menawarkan sesuatu

Shall I pick him up tomorrow ?

Where shall have lunch today ?

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE BE GOING TO

Be going to digunakan untuk menunjukan apabila kita memutuskan akan
melakukan atau berbuat sesuatu di masa yang akan datang dan apa yang kita
lakukan itu memang telah kita rencanakan atau kita putuskan sebelumnya

Pada suatu pagi Mr.Allen berkata pada anaknya, Jcak

Mr.Allen : The table in the dinning room is broken. Can you repair it?

Jcak : Yes, father.I am still tired. I will repair it after having lunch

Satu jam kemudian Mrs.Allen berkata pada Jcak.

Mr.Allen : The table in the dinning room is broken. Can you repair it?

Jcak : Yes, father.has just told. I am still tired and I am going to repair it after having lunch

Be going to juga digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa yang akan terjadi pada

waktu yang akan datang berdasarkan suatu pertanda yang ada pada waktu sekarang.

I’m feeling not so well.I’m going to be sick

Look at those black clouds.It going to rain heavily tonight.

Pattern

Kalimat

Affirmative (+)

Negative (-)

Interrogative (?)

Keterangan

I shall be a doctor

S +Shall/Will + Be

S + Shall/Will + Be +

Shall/Will + S + Be

Kalimat Nominal

not

They will help me

S + Shall/Will + Verb bentuk

I

S + Shall/Will + not +

Verb I

Shall/Will + S + Verb I

Kalimat Verbal

The train is going to

arrive at the station

S + To be + GoingTo + Verb

bentuk I

S + To be + not +

Going To + Verb I

To be + S + Going To +

Verb I

Kalimat Verbal

Tanda Waktu :

Tomorrow, to night, next week, soon, till, this afternoon, if, when, until

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Future continuous digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu kejadian atau peristiwa

yang segera akan berlangsung pada suatu saat tertentu di waktu yang akan datang,
khusunya apabila kita membayangkan bahwa kita sendiri yang akan
melakukannya. Future continuous sering menggunakan kata : work, learn, live,
rain, sit, wait, yang biasanya menujukan kontinuitas.

•

They will be working on the new project by next week.

By this time next week, I will be returning the book to the library.

Future continuous tense digunakan untuk menunjukan suatu yang telah direncanakan atau

diputuskan sebelumnya. Dalam hal ini, future continuous tense sama dengan present continuous.

•

I will be spending the winter in Switzerland.
Atau
I am spending the winter in Switzerland.

PatternKalimat

Affirmative (+)

Negative (-)

Interrogative (?)

Keterangan

They will be playing

foot ball next week

S + Shall/Will + be +

Verb bentuk I + (ing)

S + Shall/Will + not + be +

Verb I + (ing)

Shall/Will + S +be + Verb I

+ (ing)

Kalimat Verbal

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Future perfect tense sering menggunakan “by” dan “not…till/until”. Digunakan

untuk menunjukan bahwa suatu kejadian atau peristiwa sudah akan terjadi atau

berlangsung sebelum suatu saat tertentu diwaktu yang akan datang.

Father will have retiredby the year 2003

Our contractor will have completed the building by the end of this month

PatternKalimat

Affirmative (+)

Negative (-)

Interrogative (?)

Keterangan

Rany will have been at

market

S + Shall/Will + have

+ been

S + Shall/Will + not + have +

been

Shall/Will + S + have +

been

Kalimat Nominal

She will have brought a bookS + Shall/Will + have + Verb

bentuk III

S + Shall/Will + not + have + Verb III

Shall/Will + S + have + Verb III

Kalimat Verba

Verb Tense Exercise 1

Will / Be Going To

1. A: Why are you holding a piece of paper?

B: I (write)_______ a letter to my friends back home in Texas.

__________________________________________________

2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up!

B: I (get)_______ you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up.

__________________________________________________

3. A: I can't hear the television!

B: I (turn)_______ it up so you can hear it.

__________________________________________________

4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit)_______ Paris, Nice and

Grenoble.

__________________________________________________

5. Sarah (come)_______ to the party. Oliver (be)_______ there as well.

__________________________________________________

6. Ted: It is so hot in here!

Sarah: I (turn)_______ the air-conditioning on.

__________________________________________________

7. I think he (be)_______ the next President of the United States.

__________________________________________________

8. After I graduate, I (attend)_______ medical school and become a doctor. I have wanted to be a

doctor all my life.

__________________________________________________

9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small
for four people.
B: That man at the service counter (help)_______ you.

__________________________________________________

10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk)_______ down to the beach and go swimming.

Verb Tense Exercise 2

Will / Be Going To

1.

Mark: What are you doing with those scissors?
Beth: I (cut)_______ that picture of the ocean out of the travel magazine.
Mark: What (you, do)_______ with it?
Beth: I (paint)_______ a watercolor of the ocean for my art class, and I thought I could use this
photograph as a model.

2.

Mark: (you, do)_______ me a favor, Sam?
Sam: Sure, what do you want me to do?
Mark: I (change)_______ the broken light bulb in the lamp above the dining room table. I need
someone to hold the ladder for me while I am up there.
Sam: No problem, I (hold)_______ it for you.

3.

Gina: Where are you going?
Ted: I (go)_______ to the store to pick up some groceries.
Gina: What (you, get)_______ ?
Ted: I (buy)_______ some milk, some bread, and some coffee.

4.

John: Wow, it's freezing out there.
Jane: I (make)_______ some coffee to warm us up. Do you want a piece of pie as well?
John: Coffee sounds great! But I (have)_______ dinner with some friends later, so I'd better skip
the pie.
Jane: I (go)_______ to dinner tonight too, but I'm having a piece of pie anyway.

5.

Frank: I heard you're taking a Spanish class at the community college.
Tom: Yeah, I (go)_______ to Guatemala next spring and I thought knowing a little Spanish would
make the trip easier.
Frank: I (visit)_______ my brother in Marseilles next year. Maybe I should take a French class.
Tom: I have a course catalog in the other room. I (go)_______ get it, and we can see whether or not
they're offering a French course next semester.

CAN/COULD

Can dan could artinya dan diikuti bare infinitive (infinitive tanpa to).Jika

subjeknya kalimat orang ketiga tunggal (he,she,it) kata kerja tidak boleh ditambah

‘s’ atau ‘es’.

Salah : I can to come to your house tonight.
Benar : I can come to your house tonight
Salah : He can helps me tomorrow morning
Benar : He can help me tomorrow morning.

Penggunaan “Can”

a.Permission/Izin

You can stay here if you like

She can borrow my dictionary

b.”Can I” digunakan secara informal untuk minta izin khusunya jika kita bicara dengan seorang

yang telah kita kenal.

Can I borrow your English dictionary?

Can I sit next to you ?

c.Possibility/Kemungkinan

He can apply for the job if he has a good qualification

We can occupy the house next week

d.Ability/Kemampuan

He can lift that heavy case easily

He can wal without seeing.

e.Have an opportunity

While you are in France you can learn French.

I like to play tennis but I can’t play today as I am very busy.

Penggunaan “Could”

a.Possibility/Kemampuan di waktu yang lampau

When he was still young he could ran very fast

He could lift the box when he was twenty years old

b.Past Permission/Izin di waktu lampau